![]() ![]() Īnjali mudra is described in Sanskrit texts such as in verse 9.127–128 of the Natya Shastra (200 BCE – 200 CE), in temple architecture texts dated after the sixth-century CE such as in verse 5.67 of the Devata murti prakarana and those on painting called the Citrasutras. The back of the thumbs in Anjali mudra face the chest and are perpendicular to other fingers, while the thumbs in Namaskara mudra are aligned with the other fingers. According to Bhaumik and Govil, the Anjali mudra and Namaskara mudra are very similar but have a subtle difference. The Anjali mudra differs from namaste by being a non-verbal gesture, while namaste can be said with or without any gesture. It is widely found in Indian temple reliefs and sculpture in mandapam, at entrances and iconography such as the Lingobhavamurti of Shaivism. In addition to namaste, this mudra is one of the postures found in Indian classical dance such as Bharatanatyam, and in yoga practice. The gesture of folding hands during a namaste is called the Añjali Mudrā. Ī namaste gesture in the artwork of the 6th to 7th century CE Rajivalochan Vishnu Temple, Rajim, Chhattisgarh Anjali Mudra These archaeological findings are dated to the Mature Harappan. ![]() History Įxcavations at various Indus Valley Civilisation have revealed some male and female terracotta figures in namaste posture. An even less common variant is used in the case of two people being addressed, namely, Namo vām, which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic second person dual pronoun vām. The word namaḥ takes the sandhi form namo before the sound v. Ī less common variant is used in the case of three or more people being addressed namely Namo vaḥ which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic second person plural pronoun vaḥ. According to sociologist Holly Oxhandler, it is a Hindu term which means "the sacred in me recognizes the sacred in you". In Hinduism, it also has a spiritual import reflecting the belief that "the divine and self ( atman, Self) is same in you and me", and connotes "I bow to the divine in you". Therefore, namaste literally means "bowing to you". In the contemporary era, namaḥ means 'bow', 'obeisance', 'reverential salutation' or 'adoration' and te means 'to you' (singular dative case of 'tvam'). This is the basis of the pragmatic meaning of Namas-te, that is "salutations to the (divine) child (in your heart)", states Phillips. By using the dative form of tvam in the greeting Namas-te, there is an embedded secondary, metaphorical sense in the word. It is reserved for someone familiar, intimate, divine or a child. Ī Nepali bride in namaste pose while welcoming guests at her weddingĪccording to the Indologist Stephen Phillips, the terms " te and tvam" are an informal, familiar form of "you" in Sanskrit, and it is typically not used for unfamiliar adults. It is also found in numerous ancient and medieval era sculpture and mandapa relief artwork in Hindu temples. The phrase Namas-te appears with this meaning in Rigveda 8.75.10, Atharvaveda verse 6.13.2, Taittirya Samhita 2.6.11.2 and in numerous other instances in many early Hindu texts. It is an expression of veneration, worship, reverence, an "offering of homage" and "adoration" in the Vedic literature and post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata. Namas-krita and related terms appear in the Hindu scripture Rigveda such as in the Vivaha Sukta, verse 10.85.22 in the sense of "worship, adore", while Namaskara appears in the sense of "exclamatory adoration, homage, salutation and worship" in the Atharvaveda, the Taittiriya Samhita, and the Aitareya Brahmana. The word namaḥ takes the sandhi form namas before the sound te. Namaste ( Namas + te) is derived from Sanskrit and is a combination of the word namas and the second person dative pronoun in its enclitic form, te. Right: Entrance pillar relief ( Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple, Kerala, India). Namaste or Añjali Mudrā are common in historic Hindu temple reliefs. Left: Hindu god Kubera on the left with a person in Namaste pose (13th century Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura, Karnataka, India).
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